The Sentient Parking Grid: AI-Driven Self-Organizing Spaces for Dynamic Urban Mobility
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63282/3050-922X.AECTIC-113Keywords:
Sentient Parking Grid, Swarm Intelligence, Predictive Space Morphing, Adaptive Infrastructure, Urban Mobility, Facility Management, Dynamic Parking SystemsAbstract
This paper presents the Sentient Parking Grid, an innovative AI-driven system designed to optimize urban parking through self-organizing spaces. Leveraging swarm intelligence, the system enables dynamic coordination among autonomous vehicles and infrastructure to maximize space utilization. Predictive space morphing anticipates demand fluctuations, allowing real-time adaptive reconfiguration of parking layouts. The integration of adaptive infrastructure supports seamless interaction between vehicles and environment, enhancing efficiency and user experience. This approach addresses urban mobility challenges by reducing congestion and improving facility management. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in space efficiency and operational flexibility. The Sentient Parking Grid exemplifies a transformative step toward smart cities with responsive, intelligent urban systems.
References
[1] M. Laaouafy, F. Lakrami, and O. Labouidya, “A smart parking system combining IoT and AI to address improper parking,” IJITS, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 39–50, June 2024, doi: 10.59035/zmry7124.
[2] A. Janowski, M. Hüsrevoğlu, and M. Renigier-Bilozor, “Sustainable Parking Space Management Using Machine Learning and Swarm Theory—The SPARK System,” Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 24, p. 12076, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.3390/app142412076.
[3] D. H. De La Iglesia, G. Villarrubia, J. Bajo, and J. F. De Paz, “Multi-Sensor Information Fusion for Optimizing Electric Bicycle Routes Using a Swarm Intelligence Algorithm.,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 11, p. 2501, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.3390/s17112501.
[4] V. Knights, M. Prchkovska, and O. Petrovska, “Enhancing Smart Parking Management through Machine Learning and AI Integration in IoT Environments,” Intechopen, 2024. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1006490.
[5] R. Babu, N. Purandhar, R. Prathipa, T. Kanth, K. Tamilselvan, and P. Selvam, “Adaptive Computational Intelligence Algorithms for Efficient Resource Management in Smart Systems,” IJCESEN, vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.22399/ijcesen.836.
[6] K. Kuru and W. Khan, “A Framework for the Synergistic Integration of Fully Autonomous Ground Vehicles With Smart City,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 923–948, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1109/access.2020.3046999.
[7] O. Vermesan et al., “Automotive Intelligence Embedded in Electric Connected Autonomous and Shared Vehicles Technology for Sustainable Green Mobility,” Front. Future Transp., vol. 2, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3389/ffutr.2021.688482.
[8] S. Vjii, N. Singh, R. Vij, M. Natha, and Q. Mohammad, “Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Optimize the Traffic in Urban Areas,” Igi Global, 2024, pp. 85–100. doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-4268-8.ch006.
[9] N. Cahyadi, L. A. Haq, P. Dorand, N. R. F. Rozi, and R. I. Maulana, “A Literature Review for Understanding the Development of Smart Parking Systems,” j_ict, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 46–56, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.52661/j_ict.v5i1.196.
[10] J. C. Provoost, A. Kamilaris, L. J. J. Wismans, S. J. Van Der Drift, and M. Van Keulen, “Predicting parking occupancy via machine learning in the web of things,” Internet of Things, vol. 12, p. 100301, Sept. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100301.
[11] G. Leone et al., “An Intelligent Cooperative Visual Sensor Network for Urban Mobility.,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 11, p. 2588, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.3390/s17112588.
[12] L. Meng, J. C. Vasquez, J. M. Guerrero, and T. Dragicevic, “Dynamic consensus algorithm based distributed global efficiency optimization of a droop controlled DC microgrid,” Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineers, May 2014, pp. 1276–1283. doi: 10.1109/energycon.2014.6850587.
[13] P. Boccardo, Y. Yadav, and L. La Riccia, “Urban Echoes: Exploring the Dynamic Realities of Cities through Digital Twins,” Land, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 635, May 2024, doi: 10.3390/land13050635.
[14] J. A. Vera-Gómez, A. Quesada-Arencibia, C. R. García, R. Suárez Moreno, and F. Guerra Hernández, “An Intelligent Parking Management System for Urban Areas,” Sensors, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 931, June 2016, doi: 10.3390/s16060931.
[15] P. Melnyk, S. Djahel, and F. Nait-Abdesselam, “Towards a Smart Parking Management System for Smart Cities,” Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineers, Oct. 2019, pp. 542–546. doi: 10.1109/isc246665.2019.9071740.
[16] N. Sakib, K. Yamada, S. Susilawati, M. A. S. Kamal, and A. S. M. Bakibillah, “Eco-Friendly Smart Car Parking Management System with Enhanced Sustainability,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 4145, May 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16104145.
[17] V. Demertzi, S. Demertzis, and K. Demertzis, “An Overview of Cyber Threats, Attacks and Countermeasures on the Primary Domains of Smart Cities,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 790, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/app13020790.
[18] H. K. Channi and R. Kumar, “The Role of Smart Sensors in Smart City,” Springer, 2021, pp. 27–48. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-77214-7_2.
[19] K. Sundaramoorthy, A. R. Arunarani, A. Maheshwari, G. Sumathy, A. Singh, and S. Boopathi, “A Study on AI and Blockchain-Powered Smart Parking Models for Urban Mobility,” Igi Global, 2023, pp. 223–250. doi: 10.4018/978-1-6684-9999-3.ch010.
[20] A. R. Singh, R. S. Kumar, K. R. Madhavi, F. Alsaif, M. Bajaj, and I. Zaitsev, “Optimizing demand response and load balancing in smart EV charging networks using AI integrated blockchain framework,” Sci Rep, vol. 14, no. 1, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82257-2.
[21] Y. Yang, B. Yang, Z. Yuan, R. Meng, and Y. Wang, “Modelling and comparing two modes of sharing parking spots at residential area: Real‐time and fixed‐time allocation,” IET Intelligent Trans Sys, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 599–618, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1049/itr2.12343.
[22] J. Miller, J. P. How, A. Hasfura, and S.-Y. Liu, “Dynamic arrival rate estimation for campus Mobility On Demand network graphs,” Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineers, Oct. 2016, pp. 2285–2292. doi: 10.1109/iros.2016.7759357.
[23] C. Rhodes, G. Morgan, G. Ushaw, W. Blewitt, and C. Sharp, “Smart Routing: A Novel Application of Collaborative Path-Finding to Smart Parking Systems,” Institute Of Electrical Electronics Engineers, July 2014, pp. 119–126. doi: 10.1109/cbi.2014.22.
[24] J. C. Bedoya, C.-C. Liu, and Y. Wang, “Distribution System Resilience Under Asynchronous Information Using Deep Reinforcement Learning,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 4235–4245, Sept. 2021, doi: 10.1109/tpwrs.2021.3056543.
[25] S. Priyadarshi, D. Bhardwaj, S. Kumar, H. Mohapatra, and S. Subudhi, “Analysis on Enhancing Urban Mobility With IoT-Integrated Parking Solutions,” Igi Global, 2024, pp. 143–172. doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-6695-0.ch006.
[26] F. Piccialli, F. Giampaolo, E. Prezioso, D. Crisci, and S. Cuomo, “Predictive Analytics for Smart Parking: A Deep Learning Approach in Forecasting of IoT Data,” ACM Trans. Internet Technol., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1–21, June 2021, doi: 10.1145/3412842.